Hand Over Hand Prompting in Special Education

Hand Over Hand Prompting in Special Education Provoking is a significant device in showing youngsters with inabilities, particularly kids with incapacities that altogether impact their capacity to learn useful or fundamental abilities. Provoking occurs over a continuum, from the most obtrusive, physical prompts, to the least intrusive, gestural prompts. What Is Hand Over Hand Prompting? Hand over hand inciting is the most intrusive of all provoking techniques. Otherwise called a full physical brief, it can frequently include really doing the movement with the understudy. The individual encouraging the ability puts his hand over the hand of the understudy, and may really control the hand of the youngster. Hand over hand inciting may enable a small kid to figure out how to control a couple of scissor, either customary understudy scissors or exceptional spring scissors. The objective of the educator/expert is to start to blur the hand over hand brief, maybe matching it with a verbal brief as the physical brief is blurred. Once in a while the hand over brief can be blurred to a less intrusive brief, for example, a finger tap on the rear of childs hand, to help them to remember the hand arrangement. Case of Hand Over Hand Prompting Emily, a six-year-old with different inabilities, requires an elevated level of help to learn fundamental abilities. Her assistant, Ms. Ramona, puts her hand over Emilys to give hand over hand support as she figures out how to brush her teeth. Ms. Ramona shapes Emilys hand into a brush grasp and afterward holds that grasp as she moves the sweep to and fro in her mouth.

Information Security and Privacy for Computing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theInformation Security and Privacy for Cloud Computing. Answer: Presentation Data security implies guarding data. It includes devices for identifying and forestalling any dispatch dangers to all types of non-computerized and advanced information(Benbasat, 2010). Data security is worried about guaranteeing that all types of data all prepared for unapproved get to, adjustment, duplicating, and disclosure(Benbasat, 2010). A large portion of association and governments have set guidelines and norms to encourage data security rehearses. Data protection, is worried about guaranteeing that data is defended. Data security and protection issues are basic particularly in cloud computing(Aqeel, David Yan, 2016). Distributed computing is a processing pattern that utilizes the web to give flexible and versatile data innovation empowered capacities. . Distributed computing is imperative to any association and government parastatals as its cash, assets and time when contrasted with on-premises types of computing(Chunghun Suhyun , 2016). There are numerous issues that are identified with both data security and protection and each association should deliver them so as to make sure about its information and information(Derek Manky , 2013). Associations should direct security review to inspect the capacity of their frameworks to make sure about their information and data of their partners. Sensors in rush hour gridlock lights, transport stops, and waste receptacles The administration targets executing sensors in various territories to encourage remote control.This process encourages the usage of Internet of Things (IoT) in Singapore(Eddolls Matt, 2016). The legislature has ordered Infocomm Development Authority IDA to encourage the entire procedure to guarantee it turns into a triumph. As indicated by IDA information and data gathered from the sensors just as from some other articles with the detecting abilities will incredibly add to accomplishing the keen country objectives(Khalid, 1996). Suggestions for protection of the shrewd sensor organize The Singaporeans are worried about the loss of their own data; the individuals are stressed over the illicit businesses where their information can be exchanged without their consent(Donghee, 2015). Individuals are additionally worried about the expanded instances of the dull web where a wide range of hacking apparatuses are accessible; this instrument uncovered the individual information gave to government authorities(Eddolls Matt, 2016). Programmers can without much of a stretch tap the individual data from the focal vault and use it for their own benefit or open it to the unapproved people or to different countries(Dabbous, 2000). Consequently, the Singaporeans feel that the administration ought to help out important global bodies and different nations to guarantee that potential dangers, for example, hacking are dealt with. The administration need to screen people groups development and conduct. The Singaporeans feel a penetrate of their security when the administration needs to track and track their development starting with one spot then onto the next and furthermore their own practices, for example, smoking habits(Coen-Porisini Sicari , 2015). Therefore the people groups trust over the shrewd country is undermined, they feel that the administration need to do a great deal to guarantee that their own information isn't spilled to unapproved people or associations. The administration demands that it is the activity of each individual that will empower the legislature to accomplish power over cybercrime and security issues(Dyer Julian, 2012). Individuals should report any information breaks occurrences promptly to the important specialists with the goal that essential measures can be embraced. To reinforce national digital security, the administration of Singapore has occupied with two-sided trades and s hared data in regards to the prescribed procedures with different nations, for example, France(Donghee, 2015). The legislature is additionally key in growing high-class digital security abilities to help the administration in battling potential cybercrimes and dangers to individual data. Likewise, the legislature has led the structure of solid cybersecurity biological systems by consolidating various foundations and government associations. Consequences for a guest to Singapore For guests to Singapore, the brilliant country would have both negative and positive effects on them, the utilization of sensors among the guests can screen their developments while in Singapore, and this at that point gives the guests significant data to encourage that they are secure while moving about in the Singapores cities(Dyer Julian, 2012). The savvy sensors could likewise be utilized by the legislature to improve the security of the guests and the guests. By observing the guests, the administration offices can keep them out of damage by dissuading them from getting to zones where their own security could be undermined. Additionally the administration has introduced sensors openly lodging where guests remain, in this way, guests can be protected when they are in those houses(John Michael , 2017). Then again, guests may feel an absence of security; this is on the grounds that the interconnected sensors and CCTV will gather a lot of their own data, sharing that data over the ad ministration offices and putting away that information(Eddolls Matt, 2016). Guests feel that observing their developments in the urban communities, their conduct while in the open lodging is a break of their protection. Consequences for inhabitant of Singapore For the inhabitants of Singapore, they have various preferences to check from the shrewd country venture. In the first place, in lodging, the greater part of the open houses are incorporated with the sensors(Gajjar Manish , 2017). Inhabitants living in these open houses are observed and given input about their conduct, they at that point utilize this data to improve their water and power utilization hence decreasing their family costs. Additionally, the Singaporeans are set to profit by the Elderly Monitoring System EMS that is utilized to screen the action and the conduct of the old individuals and afterward sends a caution to the parental figure, the point of this framework is to lessen the weight the elderly folks individuals may have of their relatives. Heterogeneous Network The legislature of Singapore is additionally dedicated to giving Wi-Fi hotspots all through in urban communities. The point of this arrangement is to guarantee that everyone is associated with the web using their portable phones(John Michael , 2017). This activity is alluded as Heterogeneous Network HetNet. The target of Infocomm Development Authority IDA is to guarantee that everybody stays associated with the web from when they leave their homes until when they return. To accomplish this, the IDA is teaming up with the significant Singaporean media transmission association who will assist with building up the necessary foundation so individuals can flawlessly switch between close to home portable information and the open Wi-Fi gave by the administration as one moves about in the cities(Lau Yiu Chung, 2015). This arrangement is for the most part led in the regions with immense human traffic, for example, in the transport stations, lifts and walkways, the underlying preliminaries wil l empower the suppliers to decide how much system utilization is required, and furthermore work to guarantee that the system in continuous when the clients change to video gushing. The primary goal of the legislature isn't to give diversion to people in general however to utilize innovation to give availability using keen gadgets and apply those activities in remote learning and wellbeing observing just as in oneself driving vehicles(Dabbous, 2000). Consequences for a guests to Singapore This Heterogeneous Network plan will have the positive effect on the guests; this is on the grounds that the framework will improve security over the associated zones, in this way, guaranteeing security to the guests. This is on the grounds that with the HetNet the savvy gadgets of the guests will wander over all the urban communities and situations secured with the web gave by the significant internet services and guarantee consistent access to the internet(Gajjar Manish , 2017). In this manner, all things considered, the guests will appreciate proceeded with availability to the web in any event, when one of the versatile or remote systems is fluctuating or when the administrations of one internet service are totally down. Guests utilize the consistent web network to speak with the fundamental organizations when they need assistance. The administration can likewise remotely screen the guests in these systems to control them when need be or take care of them on account of emergency(L oukaitou-Sideris, 2006). Likewise, the legislature can utilize guests information gathered in this systems to offer progressively responsive types of assistance to them. Government organizations that are commanded to gather and investigate the guests information may utilize the data they accumulate to improve the administration conveyance to the visitors(Lau Yiu Chung, 2015). A portion of the data that the administration may give to the guests incorporate nation maps to control them through just as ongoing updates that might be important to them, for example, the climate condition figure, security data and traffic refreshes and whatever other data that would guarantee that guests stayed up with the latest present and anticipated events. Consequences for an inhabitant of Singapore The inhabitants of Singapore are additionally set to profit by the Heterogeneous Network. This is through government arrangement of high caliber and reliable administrations to its residents, HetNet program is set to improve the two information inertness and speed over all the various systems to help applications and the administrations offered to the clients, for instance, transmission of voice, fax video, and other data among the clients could be furnished with insignificant postponements as clients consistently change starting with one system then onto the next. Adequate high data transfer capacity could likewise be given so different administrations, for example, HD video gushing video calling and could be appreciated by the clients with little or

How the Stimulus Generalization Process Is Conditioned

How the Stimulus Generalization Process Is Conditioned Basics Print How the Stimulus Generalization Process Is Conditioned By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 06, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 26, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In the conditioning process,  stimulus generalization  is the tendency for the  conditioned stimulus  to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit a fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat. One famous psychology experiment perfectly illustrated how stimulus generalization works. In the classic  Little Albert  experiment, researchers  John B. Watson  and Rosalie Rayner conditioned a little boy to fear a white rat. The researchers observed that the boy experienced stimulus generalization by showing fear in response to similar stimuli including a dog, a rabbit, a fur coat, a white Santa Claus beard, and even Watsons own hair. Instead of distinguishing between the fear object and similar stimuli, the little boy became fearful of objects that were similar in appearance to the white rat. (Though it should be noted, this experiment has been the subject of much debate and controversy in recent years).?? Illustration by Emily Roberts, Verywell Why Its Important It is important to understand how stimulus generalization can influence responses to the conditioned stimulus. Once a person or animal has been trained to respond to a stimulus, very similar stimuli may produce the same response as well. Sometimes this can be problematic, particularly in cases where the individual needs to be able to distinguish between stimuli and respond only to a very specific stimulus.?? For example, if you are using conditioning to train your dog to sit, you might utilize a treat to build an association between hearing the word Sit and receiving a treat. Stimulus generalization might cause your dog to respond by sitting when she hears similar commands, which may make the training process more difficult. In this case, you would want to use stimulus discrimination to train your dog to distinguish between different voice commands.?? Stimulus generalization can also explain why the fear of a certain object often affects many similar objects. A person who is afraid of spiders generally wont be afraid of just one type of spider. Instead, this fear will apply to all types and sizes of spiders. The individual might even be afraid of toy spiders and pictures of spiders as well. This fear may even generalize to other creatures that are similar to spiders such as other bugs and insects.   Classical and Operant Conditioning Stimulus generalization can occur in both  classical conditioning  and operant conditioning. Little Alberts fear of white furry objects is a great example of how stimulus generalization works in classical conditioning. While the child had originally been conditioned to fear a white rat, his fear also generalized to similar objects. In operant conditioning, stimulus generalization explains how we can learn something in one situation and apply it to other similar situations. For example, imagine that parents punish their son for not cleaning his room. He eventually learns to clean up his messes to avoid punishment. Instead of having to relearn this behavior at school, he applies the same principles he learned at home to his classroom behavior and cleaned up his messes before the teacher can punish him. Stimulus Discrimination However, a subject can be taught to  discriminate  between similar stimuli and only to respond to a specific stimulus. For example, imagine that a dog has been trained to run to his owner when he hears a whistle. After the dog has been conditioned, he might respond to a variety of sounds that are similar to the whistle. Because the trainer wants the dog to respond  only  to the specific sound of the whistle, the trainer can work with the animal to teach him to discriminate between different sounds. Eventually, the dog will respond only to the whistle and not to other tones. In another classic experiment conducted in 1921, researcher Shenger-Krestovnika paired the taste of meat (which is the unconditioned stimulus in this instance) with the sight of a circle. The dogs then learned to salivate (which is the  conditioned response) whenever they saw the circle.?? Researchers also observed that the dogs would begin to salivate when presented with an ellipse, which was similar but slightly different than the circle shape. After failing to pair the sight of the ellipse with the taste of meat, the dogs were able to discriminate eventually between the circle and ellipse.?? Stimulus generalization can have an important impact on the response to a stimulus. Sometimes individuals are able to discriminate between similar items, but in other cases, similar stimuli tend to evoke the same response. A Word From Verywell Stimulus generalization can play an important role in the conditioning process. Sometimes it can lead to desirable responses, such as how learning good behaviors in one setting can transfer to displaying the same good behaviors in other settings.?? In other cases, this tendency to generalize between similar stimuli can lead to problems. Failing to distinguish between two commands might make the learning process more difficult and can lead to incorrect responses. Fortunately, the same conditioning principles that are used to teach new behaviors can also be applied to help learners discriminate between similar stimuli and only respond to the desired stimulus.

101 Classics to Get You Started

So many books, so little time. Anyone, novice or expert, who is interested in reading classic literature might feel overwhelmed by the number of works categorized as Classics. So, where should you get started? The list below contains 101 works spanning multiple countries and subjects. It is meant to be a get started or find something new list for anyone on their own personal classic reading quest. Text Author The Count of Monte Cristo (1845) Alexandre Dumas The Three Musketeers (1844) Alexandre Dumas Black Beauty (1877) Anna Sewell Agnes Grey (1847) Anne Brontà « The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) Anne Brontà « The Prisoner of Zenda (1894) Anthony Hope Barchester Towers (1857) Anthony Trollope The Complete Sherlock Holmes (1887-1927) Arthur Conan Doyle Dracula (1897) Bram Stoker The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) Carlo Collodi A Tale of Two Cities (1859) Charles Dickens David Copperfield (1850) Charles Dickens Great Expectations (1861) Charles Dickens Hard Times (1854) Charles Dickens Oliver Twist (1837) Charles Dickens Westward Ho! (1855) Charles Kingsley Jane Eyre (1847) Charlotte Brontà « Villette (1853) Charlotte Brontà « Sons and Lovers (1913) D.H. Lawrence Robinson Crusoe (1719) Daniel Defoe Moll Flanders (1722) Daniel Defoe Tales of Mystery Imagination (1908) Edgar Allan Poe The Age of Innocence (1920) Edith Wharton Cranford (1853) Elizabeth Gaskell Wuthering Heights (1847) Emily Brontà « The Secret Garden (1911) Frances Hodgson Burnett Crime and Punishment (1866) Fyodor Dostoyevsky The Brothers Karamazov (1880) Fyodor Dostoyevsky The Man Who Was Thursday (1908) G.K. Chesterton The Phantom Of The Opera (1909-10) Gaston Leroux Middlemarch (1871-72) George Eliot Silas Marner (1861) George Eliot The Mill on the Floss (1860) George Eliot The Diary of a Nobody (1892) George and Weedon Grossmith The Princess and the Goblin (1872) George MacDonald The Time Machine (1895) H.G. Wells Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) Harriet Beecher Stowe Walden (1854) Henry David Thoreau The Aspern Papers (1888) Henry James The Turn of the Screw (1898) Henry James King Solomon's Mines (1885) Henry Rider Haggard Moby Dick (1851) Herman Melville The Odyssey (circa 8th C. BC) Homer The Call of the Wild (1903) Jack London Last of the Mohicans (1826) James Fenimore Cooper Emma (1815) Jane Austen Mansfield Park (1814) Jane Austen Persuasion (1817) Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice (1813) Jane Austen Pilgrim's Progress (1678) John Bunyan Gulliver's Travels (1726) Jonathan Swift Heart of Darkness (1899) Joseph Conrad Lord Jim (1900) Joseph Conrad 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870) Jules Verne Around the World in Eighty Days (1873) Jules Verne The Awakening (1899) Kate Chopin The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) L. Frank Baum Tristram Shandy (1759-1767) Laurence Sterne Anna Karenina (1877) Leo Tolstoy War and Peace (1869) Leo Tolstoy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) Lewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass (1871) Lewis Carroll Little Women (1868-69) Louisa May Alcott The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) Mark Twain Frankenstein (1818) Mary Shelley Don Quixote of La Mancha (1605 1615) Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Twice-Told Tales (1837) Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter (1850) Nathaniel Hawthorne The Prince (1532) Niccolà ² Machiavelli The Four Million (1906) O. Henry The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) Oscar Wilde The Metamorphoses (circa 8 AD) Ovid Lorna Doone (1869) R. D. Blackmore Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) Robert Louis Stevenson Treasure Island (1883) Robert Louis Stevenson Kim (1901) Rudyard Kipling The Jungle Book (1894) Rudyard Kipling Ivanhoe (1820) Sir Walter Scott Rob Roy (1817) Sir Walter Scott The Red Badge of Courage (1895) Stephen Crane What Katy Did (1872) Susan Coolidge Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891-92) Thomas Hardy The Mayor Of Casterbridge (1886) Thomas Hardy Utopia (1516) Thomas More Rights of Man (1791) Thomas Paine Les Misà ©rables (1862) Victor Hugo The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (1819-20) Washington Irving The Moonstone (1868) Wilkie Collins The Woman in White (1859) Wilkie Collins A Midsummer Night's Dream (1600) William Shakespeare As You Like It (1623) William Shakespeare Hamlet (1603) William Shakespeare Henry V (1600) William Shakespeare King Lear (1608) William Shakespeare Othello (1622) William Shakespeare Richard III (1597) William Shakespeare The Merchant of Venice (1600) William Shakespeare The Tempest (1623) William Shakespeare Vanity Fair (1848) William Thackeray

Personal Note On The Door Knob - 836 Words

I knew it was Derrick. He was throwing toilet paper rolls out the stall and screaming, â€Å"I hate you!†. I stood quiet seeing if I should interfere. I accidentally stepped on a piece of gum. I quietly as possible rose my foot to my hip and tried to take it off, but suddenly losing balance I swayed to one side and hit the wall. I quickly looked up to see if he had noticed me. The door knob started to turn. I ran out as fast as my two legs could possibly go. â€Å"LeBron James!†, I heard behind me. A loud sensation of fear rushed up through my veins. The stairs were only a few meters away. One quick turn and I was going up the stairs. Just before the wall covered my view of him I took one last glimpse and saw him with a basketball and a gorilla†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sugar honey ice tea!†, yelled Mr. Ali. â€Å"Whats wrong I asked?† My leg, I think I broke it. â€Å"Dangt!†, I yelled. â€Å"Screw that†, he said. His legs fell off his body and now he was hovering with fire exploding out of his hip. â€Å"That s pretty cool.†, â€Å"Let s move! One more thing!† He took a deep breath and suddenly his whole body started turning into metal. â€Å"Awesome!† â€Å"Let s go!†, he said in a robotic voice. We fired past the hallways and we were almost out until suddenly our worst fear had c ome face to face with us, Mr. Furby. Mr Ali’s eyes grew red and shot out a blasting rage of red plasma at the disturbing doll, but it was too fast and dodged all over his shots. I tried to grab it but it bite me and I fell to the ground. As my eyes slowly started closing all I could see Mr. Ali and Mr Furby going one on one and then, you guessed it John Cena came through the roof diving nearly killing Mr. Ali and rko d Mr. Furby. Magically Harambe had been there the entire time. He was staring at us and we were doing the same back at him. Suddenly I felt my heart stop. His eyes were so beautiful it hurt to stare. I glanced over at Mr. Ali and could see the same look in his face, but when I looked at John Cena all I could see was his hand flashing up and down across his body, â€Å"You can’t see me!† and out of nowhere he vanished. Then Harambe lifted up his two hairy arms and dabbed. Psssh Wasted. I was falling to the ground and as I looked upShow MoreRelatedUni versal Design For Learning Programs1377 Words   |  6 Pagesbased in architecture design of the 1970s by Ron Mace (King – Sears, 2009). The concept grew from the idea of building design that would meet the universal needs of all people by removing barriers. Cut ramps in sidewalks for wheelchairs, door handles rather than knobs, and other accommodations that removed barriers to access and unrestricting flow for all possible visitors, etc. Growing from this universal design notion stemmed the idea of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Thus, in a UDL learningRead More A Day in the Life of a Teacher Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pageseverything else in the other, we back onto the staff door and out the front office. You can always tell a new teacher, they havent got the art of getting out the staff door in the morning perfected yet. I make my way to class avoiding the students and setup and wait in the class until the bell goes at half past 8. Outside the kids are eagerly waiting to be let inside, like a pack of puppies waiting for you to open the door just so they can jump all over you with theirRead MoreThe Theory Of Relativity Is An Extremely Exciting And Interwoven Performance1446 Words   |  6 Pages The Theory of Relativity is an extremely exciting and interwoven performance that takes a look at the interconnected lives of common people. The musical provides real life situations that people can relate to on a personal level. For example, I have an allergy to both dogs and cats so I could relate to the performance on a person level. The musical consists of numerous monologues and group singing where the actors reveal what they are going through. The actors experience an entire rangeRead MoreCinematography Treatment Example4304 Words   |  18 Pagesto do the laundry even after the girl (Carrie), tries to force him physically. Carrie is miserable after that but then finds another way to get him of the couch. She tells him that his car is being stolen and when he gets outside, Carrie locks the door behind him. Thando sees his car isnâ€℠¢t being stolen. He then sees the washing basket outside and sees Carrie through the window enjoying the victory and waving the key mockingly. Genre When filmmakers and movie critics refer to a film genre, theyRead MoreThis Aint My First Rodeo Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagescatalogued my findings in detailed field notes taken during my visits to the dance hall. To submerge myself in participant observation I first had to learn the basics of the country music dance practice, the â€Å"two-step† and various line dances. Once I had sufficiently learned these essentials, I was able to conduct more effective and fluid interviews, and gain the trust and ensue ease of the interviewee. Under the Patton Model, I asked interviewees their personal history associated with country musicRead MoreRooms Division Management : Individual Project Essay3837 Words   |  16 Pages123 Double 1st Occupied Mr. N ________ _________ _______ 201 Double 2nd Occupied Mrs. H ________ _________ _______ 224 Single 2nd Vacant - - - - 230 Single 2nd OOO* - - - - (Note - OOO means Out Of Order rooms) 7] Contents of a Guest Room:- A) Layout of a typical Room:- Layout of a typical 250 Rooms Resort having a Suite room with balcony and exit to private Swimming pool. The key features in designing a room includeRead MoreFingerprinting Identification and Understanding the Term Daubert Hearing2512 Words   |  11 Pageswitness left two notes in the first vehicle: each note identifying the color and tag number of the vehicles. The second vehicle was located and belonged to the girlfriend of one of the suspects. The officers processed the first vehicle for latent prints. The result of this found two latent fingerprints identified to that of Mitchell. During the trial, the defense sought exclusion of the anonymous note and other evidence. The defense wanted to throw out the contents of the note as inadmissible hearsayRead MoreCultural Considerations Remote or Robotic Surgery Essay4017 Words   |  17 Pagesrequired elements for the project, each member of the team will take responsibility for researching specific aspects of the technology. The team will then produce a detailed outline for the project, noting each team member’s research sections. Please note, the list of required elements is just that – a list – and does not constitute an outline. Thesis Statement: Each outline assignment should begin with a thesis statement. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must alwaysRead MoreFood Hygiene Revision Essay example3135 Words   |  13 Pagesfood in the refrigerator is above the legal requirement, what should you do first? a. arrange for the refrigerator to be serviced b. transfer the food to another refrigerator c. report the problem to your supervisor d. turn the temperature control knob down 21. Spoilage bacteria can damage the quality of food, reduce its shelf life and; a. cause illness b. improve its flavour c. make it more expensive d. prevent it from rotting 22. Which is the most effective control to prevent cross-contaminationRead MoreSound Reinforcement Equipment Requirements for a Music Venue Essay2876 Words   |  12 PagesAnother main type of microphone used in the musical industry is the Condenser microphone. The Condenser microphone as I have already said are expensive compared to the dynamic ones and also very fragile, so they are not an appropriate choice for out-door and live venues. The most commonly used microphone is the hand-held one. The pattern of the hand-held microphones often is cardioid, also other patterns are available, but the cardioid is the most common one. Because of its nature of use, whatever

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. Free Essays

string(172) " the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated\." Introduction For many years people have associated mental disorders with offending behaviour and in particular, violent offending. According to Jones (2006 p, 383) evidence has been found that individuals who are mentally ill are at greater risk of arrest then the general population. He argues that in an attempt to investigate the relationship between mental disorders and offending behaviour studies have been conducted which have mainly focused on mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in psychiatric populations. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of these studies schizophrenia and psychopathy are the two disorders that appear to be most associated with offending. This essay will attempt to describe the terms schizophrenia and psychopathy in some detail and discuss the relation each in turn has with offending behaviour. Schizophrenia, according to Davenport (1996 p,172), is a severe mental disorder characterised with symptoms of disintegration in the thinking process, in emotional responsiveness and in contact with reality. Social relationships become impossible and cognitive functions are disturbed. Sufferers of schizophrenia may withdraw from other people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd beliefs, or delusions, and hallucinations.The symptoms of schizophrenia can often make stable employment difficult, resulting in impoverishment and homelessness. The strange behaviour displayed by schizophrenics and the lack of social skills may lead to a loss of friends, a solitary existence and sometimes ridicule and persecution. The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1896, cited by Gross, 2008. P.791) was the first to recognise schizophrenia as a separate mental illness. He described it as a distinct disorder which he called ‘dementia praecox’, meaning early insanity. Kraepelin believed that the symptoms were due to a form of mental deterioration that began in adolescences. However Bleuler (1911, cited by McGuire, Mason O’Kane, 2000, p.162), a Swiss psychiatrist, disagreed with Kraepelin, he believed that the disorder did not necessarily have an early onset and the name ‘dementia praecox’ was inappropriate. Bleuler proposed his own term for the disorder, one that is still used today, schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is taken from the Greek word schizein, meaning to split, and phren, meaning the mind to describe a disorder in which the personality loses its unity. Individuals with schizophrenia can significantly differ from one another and asKring et al (2010, p.321) explains this is because the range of symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is extensive and people may only have some of them at any given time. The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into three categories. The first category refers to positive symptoms and these are based on Schneider’s first rank symptoms (1959, cited by Gross, 2008 p.791) which are subjective and include delusions, hallucinations and thought disturbances. Delusions are beliefs that are held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence. Hallucinations which may be visual, these are often unpleasant and frequently include violence and destruction, but are most commonly auditory, typically as voices commenting or giving instructions. Thought disturbances are where thoughts are inserted into the mind (thought insertion), removed from the mind (thought withdrawal) or b roadcast to the mind (thought broadcasting) by external forces. The second category refers to negative symptoms that are based on Slater and Roth’s major symptoms (1969, cited by Gross, 2008, p.792). These are directly observable from the patient and include thought process disorder, disturbance of affect, psychomotor disturbance and lack of volition. Thought process disorder refers to the inability to keep to the point and becoming easily distracted. Disturbance of affect refers to affect that can be flat and expressionless or alternatively it can be inappropriate such as anger without provocation or laughter at misfortune. Psychomotor disturbance can take the form of bizarre facial grimaces, repeated gesturing or excited agitation of the body; alternatively unusual postures can be adopted and held, in a state of immobility, for long periods. Finally lack of volition refers to a lack of motivation and an absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities including work, self care, social activiti es and affection for friends and family. The third category according to Kring et al (2010, p.324) refer to disorganised symptoms which include disorganised speech and disorganised behaviour. Disorganised speech refers to problems in organising and maintaining a logical and coherent flow of information, whilst disorganised behaviour refers to bizarre behaviour which can take many forms, sufferers seem to lose the ability to organise behaviour in a way that conforms to usual standards, performing everyday tasks also becomes difficult. Many studies have been conducted to examine the relationship, if any, between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, some of these studies have shown that there is a relationship between the two. For example Green (1981, cited by Jones, 2006, p. 389) conducted a survey of 58 men admitted to mental hospitals after they had killed their mothers and discovered that 75% of them were suffering from schizophrenia. Taylor (1986, p.76) conducted a survey of life sentence prisoners in London and discovered a high level of schizophrenia. These findings are inconsistent with the work of Monahan and Steadman (1983, cited by McGuire, Mason and O’Kane, 2000, p.165) who conducted an influential review of research that was conducted prior to the early 1980. Their findings suggested that there was little if any relationship between offending behaviour and schizophrenia. They argue that many of the studies that appear to suggest a link between schizophrenia and offending behaviour have failed to take into account demographic factors such as poverty and unemployment. When these kinds of factors were considered, the apparent relationship between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, particularly violence, disappeared. However, Mullen (2006, p.241) suggests that many of the factors that produce offending in the general population are important in producing offending in schizophrenia. These include disturbed backgrounds, poor social conditions, unemployment and substance abuse, among others. But those with schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to those influences and this in turn may increase offending behaviour. Whilst Walsh, Buchanan Fahy (2002, p.490) acknowledge that until the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated. You read "The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour." in category "Essay examples" They conducted a review of the main studies that have influenced current thinking about the association between schizophrenia and offending, in particular violence, between January 1990 and December 2000. Three different approaches were examined and these included studies on violent acts in those with schizophrenia, schizophrenia in individuals who have committed violent acts and violence in those with and without schizophrenia, regardless of involvement with the mental health or criminal justice systems. They found that the majority of studies conducted over the past two decades have demonstrated a statistical association between schizophren ia and violence. Furthermore that people with schizophrenia are significantly more likely to be violent than members of the general population. Finally that the proportion of violence attributed to people suffering with schizophrenia is small. The second mental disorder that is most associated with offending behaviour is psychopathy. Psychopathy, according to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) is a collection of personality traits that lead to emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric evaluation. Psychopaths have no concern for the feelings of others and a complete disregard of any sense of social obligation. Psychopaths are characterised by lack of empathy, poor impulse control and manipulative behaviours. Kring et al (2010, p.368) argue that psychopathic people have no shame, and their seemingly positive feelings for others are merely an act. They are superficially charming and use that charm to manipulate others for personal gain and satisfaction. Psychopathy was first recognised in the early 1800s where the term was used in Austrian psychiatry text books but as Jones (2006, p.392) explains, it was not until 1976 in his classic book The Mask of Sanity that Hervey Cleckley drew on his clinical experience to formulate diagnostic criteria for Psychopathy. Cleckley’s criteria for psychopathy focused less on behaviour as such and more on the person’s thoughts and feelings. Kring et al (2010, p.368) explain that Cleckley produced a checklist which consisted of 16 distinguishable characteristics of a psychopath, although various researchers have tried to identify the typical characteristics of a psychopath. They go on to argue that there has been widespread approval of 6 key elements described by Cleckley, they are lack of guilt or remorse, an inability to learn from experience, an inability to delay gratification, an inability to form emotional ties, the constant seeking of stimulation and a superficial charm. The most commonly used scale that attempts to operationalise the concept of psychopathy and make assessment more reliable according to Kring et al (2010 p,270), was developed by Robert Hare in 1991 and is called the psychopathy checklist revised, known as the PCL-R test. The checklist, based on Cleckley’s criteria, is a 20 item clinical rating scale that is completed through interview and information gathered from other sources including criminal records, social worker reports and case histories. The scale divides into two linked factors, factor one includes interpersonal items, such as superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth and pathological lying, and affective symptoms such as lack of remorse or empathy. Finally factor two measures socially deviant or anti social lifestyles, such as proneness to boredom and delinquency. The exact relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour according to Mclaughlin and Muncie (2006, p323) has not been completely understood but it is clear that psychopathic charachteristics are highly associated with offending. Among offenders who score highly on the PCL-R test there are also high levels of criminality and violence. Hobson and Shine (1998, p.504) findings supports this view, they found that once imprisoned, psychopaths display more violent and aggressive behaviour and are more frequently segregated from other prisoners. Furthermore, after release, the likelihood of reconviction is significantly above that for non psychopaths, particularly for violent crimes. This view is shared by Hemphill et al (1998, cited by Gross 2008, p.842) after his Meta analysis study found that psychopathic offenders were three times as likely to reoffend and four times more likely to violently reoffend within a year of release than non psychopathic offenders. The criteria of the PCL-R test may show how psychopathic characteristics relate to offending behaviour. According to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) the criteria of factor one for example, which includes grandiose sense of self worth and arrogance, highlights the need of psychopathic individuals to feel they are of high status, this need could be satisfied through various types of offending. Being pathological liars can also facilitate certain types of offending behaviour. Psychopaths do not feel the usually constraining emotions of guilt, remorse or empathy; as a result of these lacks of constraints the likelihood of offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased.The emotional volatility of psychopathic individuals may also explain the increased violence that is evident from the studies previously mentioned. The second factor of the PCL-R which includes characteristics like proneness to boredom, impulsivity and delinquency can demonstrate why offending behaviou r in psychopathic individuals is increased. The examination of any relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour is not helped by the unsatisfactory definition of the disorder. Jones (2006, p.393) argues that the definition is circular in that there are certain behaviours that are used to help assess the disorder, the disorder is then, in turn used to explain these behaviours. He goes on that there is already an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour as it seems crime is incorporated into the definition of the disorder, he concludes that by the very nature of the characteristics of psychopathy, in essence, psychopathic behaviour is criminal behaviour. On analysis of both mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in the psychiatric population it is easy to establish a firm relationship between the two mental disorders described in this essay and offending behaviour. Schizophrenia is the disorder that is probably the most associated with violent offending, although the actual number does appear to be very small. There is also an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour although, that does seem to be incorporated in the definition of the disorder. References Davenport, G.C. (1996). Essential Psychology. (2nd ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Gross, R. (2008) Psychology The Science Of Mind And Behaviour. (5th ed). London: Hodder Education. Hobson, J., Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of Psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long term psychotherapy. British Journal of Criminology, 38,3, 504-515 Jones, S. (2006). Criminology. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., Neale, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (11th Ed). West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McGuire, J., Mason, T., O’Kane, A. (Eds) (2000). Behaviour, Crime and Legal Process . West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McLaughlin, E. Muncie, J. (2006). The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mullen, P.E. (2006). Schizophrenia and Violence: From Correlation to Preventive Strategies, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12, 239-248 Taylor, P. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in London’s Life Sentenced Offenders. British Journal of Criminology, 26, 63-78 Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and Schizophrenia – Examining the Evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495. How to cite The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour., Essay examples

Pluto Paper free essay sample

Ever since grade school you were taught that our solar system has nine planets. Sadly that is no longer the case; in 2006 astronomers have decided that Pluto no longer qualifies as a planet. Pluto is now considered a â€Å"Dwarf Planet† and has caused a lot of controversy among astronomers. A dwarf planet is not even considered to be a planet, and there are projected to be hundreds of them in our galaxy. Pluto is being demoted to what amounts as a third class citizen in our galaxy. Thousands of textbooks will have to be revised and changed in our schools just because of this one change they made to our solar system. According to the new definition for a planet, a full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due to the force of its own gravity. In addition, a planet has to dominate the neighborhood around its orbit. We will write a custom essay sample on Pluto Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The definition is flawed, relating to â€Å"clear the neighborhood†. Every 228 years Pluto crosses inside of the orbit of Neptune, so technically speaking, it does not clear its neighborhood. But that also means that Neptune does not clear its own neighborhood. Mars and Jupiter don’t clear their neighborhoods as they â€Å"interfere† with the Asteroids, and the Earth actually orbits the Sun with thousands of Asteroids. So the Earth doesn’t clear its own neighborhood either. So if we use the new definition, Pluto, Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, and the Earth, are not planets! Otherwise Pluto fits the definition for a planet; it is from a faulty definition that Pluto is no longer allowed to be a planet. Also, a body’s difficulty in clearing its orbit or the volume of space that it must clear increases dramatically its distance from the sun increases. Clearing is most difficult for Pluto, the furthest â€Å"planet† from the sun. Furthermore, why aren’t â€Å"Dwarf Planets† known as planets? Dwarf Stars are still stars, and Dwarf Galaxies are still galaxies. If it has the word â€Å"planet† in it why is it not a planet? One of the biggest problems with how Pluto got demoted from being a planet was the voting process. Although there are over 10,000 Astronomers in the International Astronomical Union, only 237 of them voted and approved this definition. Only 4% of the astronomer population voted, many of them felt they should have been able to vote electronically. Therefore, there was NOT a majority consensus of what a planet is. If people had to be at only one specific spot every time they voted for something I’m sure even our presidential votes would have changed because no one would want to vote. Hundreds of Astronomers around the world have signed petitions to ignore the new definition and still refer to Pluto as the ninth planet in our Solar System. They believe the definition of a planet is sloppy and needs to be drastically revised. If so many astronomers don’t agree with the decision, what gave them the right to change the definition and make Pluto no longer a planet? The demotion of Pluto is also going to hurt its research funding. No one wants to study it if it’s not important enough to be a planet. Discovered in 1930, Pluto orbits the Sun, has three moons, has an atmosphere, has weather, and even polar caps. It is not that much different than any of the other planets. It has been known as a planet for more than 75 years, and to change its status with a poor definition and process is bad science. Pluto has earned the right to be a planet; it has been for years and for a few men to say it’s not based on a bad definition is wrong. Pluto needs to be considered a planet again, who knows what they might try to change in our solar system next.