Thursday, July 23, 2020

How the Stimulus Generalization Process Is Conditioned

How the Stimulus Generalization Process Is Conditioned Basics Print How the Stimulus Generalization Process Is Conditioned By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 06, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 26, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In the conditioning process,  stimulus generalization  is the tendency for the  conditioned stimulus  to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit a fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat. One famous psychology experiment perfectly illustrated how stimulus generalization works. In the classic  Little Albert  experiment, researchers  John B. Watson  and Rosalie Rayner conditioned a little boy to fear a white rat. The researchers observed that the boy experienced stimulus generalization by showing fear in response to similar stimuli including a dog, a rabbit, a fur coat, a white Santa Claus beard, and even Watsons own hair. Instead of distinguishing between the fear object and similar stimuli, the little boy became fearful of objects that were similar in appearance to the white rat. (Though it should be noted, this experiment has been the subject of much debate and controversy in recent years).?? Illustration by Emily Roberts, Verywell Why Its Important It is important to understand how stimulus generalization can influence responses to the conditioned stimulus. Once a person or animal has been trained to respond to a stimulus, very similar stimuli may produce the same response as well. Sometimes this can be problematic, particularly in cases where the individual needs to be able to distinguish between stimuli and respond only to a very specific stimulus.?? For example, if you are using conditioning to train your dog to sit, you might utilize a treat to build an association between hearing the word Sit and receiving a treat. Stimulus generalization might cause your dog to respond by sitting when she hears similar commands, which may make the training process more difficult. In this case, you would want to use stimulus discrimination to train your dog to distinguish between different voice commands.?? Stimulus generalization can also explain why the fear of a certain object often affects many similar objects. A person who is afraid of spiders generally wont be afraid of just one type of spider. Instead, this fear will apply to all types and sizes of spiders. The individual might even be afraid of toy spiders and pictures of spiders as well. This fear may even generalize to other creatures that are similar to spiders such as other bugs and insects.   Classical and Operant Conditioning Stimulus generalization can occur in both  classical conditioning  and operant conditioning. Little Alberts fear of white furry objects is a great example of how stimulus generalization works in classical conditioning. While the child had originally been conditioned to fear a white rat, his fear also generalized to similar objects. In operant conditioning, stimulus generalization explains how we can learn something in one situation and apply it to other similar situations. For example, imagine that parents punish their son for not cleaning his room. He eventually learns to clean up his messes to avoid punishment. Instead of having to relearn this behavior at school, he applies the same principles he learned at home to his classroom behavior and cleaned up his messes before the teacher can punish him. Stimulus Discrimination However, a subject can be taught to  discriminate  between similar stimuli and only to respond to a specific stimulus. For example, imagine that a dog has been trained to run to his owner when he hears a whistle. After the dog has been conditioned, he might respond to a variety of sounds that are similar to the whistle. Because the trainer wants the dog to respond  only  to the specific sound of the whistle, the trainer can work with the animal to teach him to discriminate between different sounds. Eventually, the dog will respond only to the whistle and not to other tones. In another classic experiment conducted in 1921, researcher Shenger-Krestovnika paired the taste of meat (which is the unconditioned stimulus in this instance) with the sight of a circle. The dogs then learned to salivate (which is the  conditioned response) whenever they saw the circle.?? Researchers also observed that the dogs would begin to salivate when presented with an ellipse, which was similar but slightly different than the circle shape. After failing to pair the sight of the ellipse with the taste of meat, the dogs were able to discriminate eventually between the circle and ellipse.?? Stimulus generalization can have an important impact on the response to a stimulus. Sometimes individuals are able to discriminate between similar items, but in other cases, similar stimuli tend to evoke the same response. A Word From Verywell Stimulus generalization can play an important role in the conditioning process. Sometimes it can lead to desirable responses, such as how learning good behaviors in one setting can transfer to displaying the same good behaviors in other settings.?? In other cases, this tendency to generalize between similar stimuli can lead to problems. Failing to distinguish between two commands might make the learning process more difficult and can lead to incorrect responses. Fortunately, the same conditioning principles that are used to teach new behaviors can also be applied to help learners discriminate between similar stimuli and only respond to the desired stimulus.